Scientists Unveil 3D Insights of Mexico’s Popocatépetl Volcano

Scientists from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) have successfully created the first three-dimensional images of the interior of Popocatépetl volcano, one of the world’s most active volcanoes. Their innovative research aims to provide critical insights into the volcano’s magma accumulation, which could significantly enhance the ability to predict and respond to eruptions that threaten millions of lives in surrounding areas.

The team, led by Marco Calò, professor in the UNAM’s Geophysics Institute, has spent five years conducting extensive fieldwork on the volcano, located approximately 62 miles (100 kilometers) from Mexico City. This endeavor involved climbing the volcano’s slopes with heavy equipment while facing the risks of volatile weather and potential volcanic activity.

Mapping the Unseen

Despite its proximity to densely populated regions, detailed maps of Popocatépetl’s interior have been lacking. Previous attempts, including some early images captured fifteen years ago, provided inconsistent data and failed to accurately depict the volcanic structure. The current team expanded the number of seismographs from 12 to 22 to gain comprehensive coverage of the volcano’s perimeter.

These devices measure ground vibrations at a frequency of 100 times per second. Karina Bernal, a doctoral student and researcher on the project, utilized artificial intelligence to adapt algorithms designed for other volcanoes. This approach allowed the team to catalog various seismic signals and infer the state, temperature, and depth of different materials within the volcano.

The resulting three-dimensional image extends up to 11 miles (18 kilometers) below the crater and reveals multiple magma pools at varying depths, with denser concentrations located towards the southeast. This detailed mapping offers a more complex understanding than traditional illustrations commonly seen in educational materials.

A Volcano’s History and Future

Popocatépetl, which translates to “Smoking Mountain,” has been an active volcano since 1994, with its eruptions releasing ash, gas, and smoke almost daily. The last significant eruption occurred in 2023. Calò passionately describes the volcano’s history, noting that it has undergone significant changes over the past 20,000 years, including a catastrophic eruption that buried the village of Tetimpa in ash.

The research team’s efforts are not only scientific; they aim to provide residents with reliable information about the volcano’s activity. As Calò points out, “We have a natural laboratory here,” emphasizing the importance of understanding what occurs beneath the surface in order to inform and protect local communities.

The expedition included challenging treks across hazardous terrain, including navigating a lahar, a dangerous mixture of ash and rock. This journey culminated in a campsite at approximately 12,500 feet (3,810 meters), where the team was able to observe the volcano’s stunning landscape and unique sounds, including the echoes of minor tremors and the distant rumble of volcanic activity.

While the project has yielded valuable insights, it has also raised new questions about the nature of the volcano’s seismic activity. For instance, the team is now investigating why tremors are more frequent in the southeast area, where magma accumulation is higher.

As the team prepares to publish their comprehensive research findings, the 3D imaging represents a significant milestone in understanding Popocatépetl’s behavior. Karina Rodríguez, a master’s student involved in the project, reflects on the satisfaction of witnessing their efforts culminate in tangible results, stating, “It’s what drives you to start another project and keep climbing.”

In conclusion, this pioneering research not only enhances scientific knowledge but also stands to improve public safety for the millions of people living in the shadow of one of Mexico’s most powerful natural wonders.