Scientists Reveal 3D Image of Popocatepetl Volcano’s Interior

Researchers from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) have unveiled the first three-dimensional image of the interior of the Popocatepetl volcano, one of the world’s most active volcanoes. This groundbreaking development enhances understanding of magma accumulation and volcanic activity, which is crucial for better disaster preparedness in a region that could potentially impact millions of people.

Popocatepetl, often referred to as El Popo, poses a significant threat due to its proximity to a large population. Approximately 25 million people reside within a 62-mile radius, where infrastructure such as homes, schools, hospitals, and five airports could be severely affected by any volcanic eruptions. The research aims to provide vital data to help authorities prepare for potential eruptions.

Mapping the Volcano’s Interior

Inside Popocatepetl, a complex interaction of rocks, magma, gas, and aquifers produces seismic signals. While many volcanoes at risk to human safety have detailed internal maps, Popocatepetl had previously lacked a comprehensive understanding. Earlier studies provided initial images, but they were insufficient to illustrate the volcanic structure’s formation or the locations of magma chambers.

To improve the imaging quality, Marco Calo, a geophysicist leading the research team, increased the number of seismographs from 12 to 22. These devices measure ground vibrations up to 100 times per second. The data generated was analyzed by Karina Bernal, a doctoral student, using artificial intelligence to refine algorithms for a more detailed understanding of the seismic signals. This meticulous process allowed the team to infer the materials, their states, temperatures, and depths within the volcano.

The resulting three-dimensional image extends 11 miles below the crater and reveals multiple magma pools at varying depths. This advanced imaging presents a more complex representation of Popocatepetl than traditional approaches.

The Importance of Understanding Popocatepetl

Popocatepetl is a dynamic volcano that has evolved over the last 20,000 years and has exhibited continuous activity since 1994. Its eruptions regularly release smoke, gas, and ash, leading to dome formation and subsequent eruptions. Calo emphasizes that hands-on experience is essential for understanding the volcano, which is why the team conducts fieldwork to gather data directly from the site.

On their latest expedition, the researchers established a camp at an elevation of 12,500 feet, providing a safe location to monitor the volcano. From this vantage point, the team observed surrounding peaks, including Pico de Orizaba, La Malinche, and Iztaccihuatl. The sounds of the volcano at night amplify, with researchers noting the faint tremors of the earth and the sound of ash falling like rain during more active periods.

Calo’s team believes that this detailed internal mapping is crucial for understanding and forecasting volcanic activity. By studying the internal environment and composition of Popocatepetl, they aim to improve safety protocols for communities living nearby and those who might be affected by volcanic hazards.

With this new knowledge, the researchers are in a better position to anticipate volcanic behaviour, ultimately aiding in the protection of millions who live in the shadow of Popocatepetl. The implications of their work extend beyond scientific curiosity; they are essential for future disaster preparedness and community safety.