Unlocking Freedom on Stage: The Role of Focus in Performance

Musicians often grapple with performance anxiety, but recent research suggests that shifting focus can enhance their ability to play freely on stage. Dr. Noa Kageyama, a performance psychologist and faculty member at Juilliard, emphasizes the importance of adopting an external focus—concentrating on the outcome of movements rather than the mechanics behind them. This approach can lead to a more effective performance under pressure.

A poignant anecdote shared by Dr. Kageyama illustrates this concept. A pianist recalled their teacher’s last piece of advice: “OK, now forget everything I ever told you.” This seemingly paradoxical guidance points to a crucial lesson about trusting oneself and avoiding over-analysis during performance.

The Science of Focus

The idea of external focus isn’t new; it has historical roots in the insights of renowned musicians. For example, Arnold Jacobs, a legendary tuba player with the Chicago Symphony, recognized the importance of concentrating on sound rather than the intricate details of playing. Similarly, researcher Gabriele Wulf has explored how an external focus enhances performance. Her studies indicate that directing attention away from internal body mechanics—such as finger positioning or arm movements—can lead to more effective execution of complex tasks.

While internal focus can play a role during the learning phase, it often becomes counterproductive in high-pressure situations. Musicians frequently engage in tension-releasing practices before performing, such as adjusting their stance or relaxing their hands. Yet, these internal considerations may inadvertently increase the risk of “choking” under pressure.

A study conducted by researchers Aiken & Becker in 2022 further investigates this balance. Participants practiced a golf chip shot aimed at a target four meters away. They were divided into three groups, each receiving different instructions: one focused on the swinging motion of their arms (internal focus), another on the clubface hitting the ball (external focus), and a third that transitioned from internal to external focus before taking the shot.

Key Findings on Performance

The results were revealing. While all groups improved their scores during practice, the group that shifted from an internal focus to an external one right before the shot performed the best during a subsequent test. This transition allowed them to maintain the benefits of preparation while enhancing their overall focus on the goal of their actions.

The implications of these findings suggest that musicians might benefit from a similar strategy. Before performing, they could momentarily concentrate on a physical cue to prepare for their piece, then shift their attention to the desired sound or emotional expression.

Dr. Kageyama encourages musicians to reflect on their own experiences in these critical moments before performance. Instead of succumbing to thoughts like “don’t mess this up,” focusing on the intended sound or the emotional impact of the piece can lead to a more liberated performance.

As musicians explore different techniques to conquer performance anxiety, the concept of focus remains central. By understanding when and how to shift between internal and external focuses, they can unlock greater freedom on stage, allowing their artistry to shine through. This balance may not only enhance the quality of their performance but also transform the experience of playing into something more joyful and fulfilling.