Michigan Cherry Farmers Harness Kestrels to Enhance Food Safety

Cherry farmers in northern Michigan are turning to an unexpected ally to improve crop safety: the American kestrel. This small falcon, native to North America, not only helps deter birds that threaten cherry crops but may also play a significant role in enhancing food safety. Research conducted by Michigan State University, set to be published on November 27, 2025, in the Journal of Applied Ecology, highlights the dual benefits of these raptors for growers.

The American kestrel, recognized for its ability to hover while hunting for insects and small birds, can significantly reduce the presence of fruit-eating birds in orchards. According to lead author Olivia Smith, kestrels not only scare away pests but also minimize the risk of crop contamination from bird droppings. “They’re cool to watch in flight,” Smith remarked, emphasizing their unique hunting skills.

Research Findings on Kestrels’ Impact

In a study involving eight sweet cherry orchards in northern Michigan, researchers installed nest boxes to attract kestrels. The results were compelling: the presence of these birds of prey led to a more than tenfold reduction in the likelihood of cherry damage from other birds, including robins and starlings. The research team also observed a significant decrease in bird droppings on cherry trees—specifically, a three-fold reduction in the presence of droppings on branches.

While it is acknowledged that kestrels do produce droppings as well, Catherine Lindell, senior author and associate professor emerita of Integrative Biology, noted that the advantages of keeping other birds at bay far outweigh this drawback. Trees located near kestrel nest boxes showed markedly fewer signs of fecal contamination, which is crucial considering that droppings can carry pathogens like Campylobacter, a bacteria known for causing foodborne illnesses.

Food Safety Implications

The implications of this research extend beyond cherry production. Although no outbreaks of Campylobacter have been directly linked to cherries, the presence of these bacteria in droppings poses a potential risk. Past data indicates that 10% of droppings tested contained Campylobacter, which is associated with symptoms such as diarrhea and stomach cramps. This is particularly relevant when considering that only one documented outbreak has been traced back to birds, specifically a 2008 incident involving migratory cranes in Alaska.

Smith cautioned against jumping to conclusions regarding the connection between birds and crop contamination. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that kestrels could serve as a valuable method for improving food safety in other crops, particularly those previously associated with outbreaks, such as leafy greens. “They’re really good at keeping the amount of poop down,” Smith stated, referring to the potential for reduced pathogen transmission.

Considerations for Farmers

Despite the promising results, relying solely on kestrels presents challenges. Their adaptability to different environments means they may not thrive in all regions. Smith emphasized that while kestrels won’t resolve every issue related to bird management, they represent a low-cost and low-maintenance solution that farmers can incorporate into their existing strategies.

The research highlights an innovative approach to farming that aligns with sustainable practices. By harnessing natural predators, cherry growers can enhance both the quality and safety of their crops while potentially increasing their profits in the process.

As cherry growers in Michigan look to the upcoming season, the integration of kestrels into their orchards may pave the way for a safer, more profitable future in agriculture. The study underscores a growing recognition of the role that biodiversity can play in enhancing food production systems, offering a glimpse into the benefits of working with nature rather than against it.