Astronomers Reveal 3D Shape of Iconic Ring Nebula

A team of astronomers utilizing the Smithsonian Submillimeter Array (SMA) on Mauna Kea has successfully identified the three-dimensional structure of the renowned Ring Nebula, revealing it to be ellipsoidal in shape. Through radio-wavelength mapping of carbon monoxide gas emissions, researchers have gained insights into the cold molecular gas surrounding the hot gas and dust prominently featured in images captured by the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope.

Project lead Professor Joel Kastner from the Rochester Institute of Technology stated, “We looked at the data and the ellipsoidal structure was obvious, so we could put together a simple geometrical model.” This new understanding allows astronomers to appreciate the complex structure of the nebula more fully.

The SMA’s capabilities extend beyond visual representation. It provides precise measurements of the molecular gas’s velocities within the nebula, indicating movement toward or away from Earth. This data is crucial, as previous theories suggested that the nebula was either ring-shaped or resembled a soap bubble.

The SMA data has clarified that the Ring Nebula is, in fact, an ellipsoid. This 3D modeling has enabled astronomers to estimate that approximately 6,000 years have passed since the central dying star, once a red giant, expelled the molecular gas now enveloping the nebula. The study also revealed signs of a companion star influencing the former red giant’s behavior, identified by high-velocity blobs of gas emerging from the nebula’s ends.

The findings contribute significantly to our understanding of the Ring Nebula’s dynamics, which cannot be deduced solely from images produced by powerful telescopes such as Hubble and Webb. The ability to visualize this structure opens new avenues for research in stellar evolution and nebular formation.

Upcoming Astronomical Events

In addition to the exciting revelations about the Ring Nebula, several celestial events are approaching. On September 21, Saturn will reach its closest approach to Earth, fully illuminated by the sun. This event presents an exceptional opportunity for observers, as Saturn will be at its brightest visibility throughout the year. Using a medium-sized or larger telescope will provide the best chance to observe Saturn’s rings and its brightest moons.

The September equinox on September 22 marks the beginning of fall in the Northern Hemisphere, a time when the sun shines directly on the equator, resulting in nearly equal day and night durations globally.

Following this, on September 23, Neptune will also be at its closest approach to Earth, offering another prime opportunity for observation. However, due to Neptune’s vast distance, only the most powerful telescopes will be able to capture it.

For those interested in evening stargazing, at 20:00, the starline Manaiakalani will dominate the night sky, while Ka‘iwikuamo‘o sets on the western horizon. Observers will also be able to see the constellation Kalupeakawelo rising in the east.

Morning star watchers can look forward to 5:00, when the star line Kekaomakali‘i reaches its zenith, signaling the approach of winter. This line includes the brightest star in the night sky, known as A‘a (Sirius), alongside the constellations of Kaheiheionakeiki (Orion) and Makali‘i (Pleiades).

The ‘Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaii serves as a hub for informal science education, showcasing the relationship between astronomy and Hawaiian culture, highlighting their shared journeys of exploration.