Science
Researchers Develop Sustainable Method for Giant Fullerene Synthesis

A team of researchers from the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil and the Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” in Italy has successfully synthesized fullerenes and hollow graphene particles using an innovative electrochemical method. This breakthrough, published in the journal Diamond and Related Materials on July 17, 2025, demonstrates a more sustainable approach to producing these complex carbon structures, which have significant potential in various technological applications.
The research reveals that fullerenes, including larger variants known as “giant fullerenes” containing up to 190 carbon atoms, can be created from basic materials such as natural graphite, ethanol, water, and sodium hydroxide at ambient conditions. José Mauricio Rosolen, a researcher at USP and the study’s coordinator, emphasizes that this process eliminates the need for high temperatures, which typically range from 3,000 °C to 4,000 °C, making it a more accessible and environmentally friendly alternative.
Fullerenes are unique spherical molecules composed entirely of carbon atoms. The most recognized example, C60, is often referred to as “buckminsterfullerene,” named after the American architect Buckminster Fuller due to its resemblance to his geodesic dome designs. Since their discovery in 1985, fullerenes have garnered attention for their remarkable electronic and structural properties, including their detection in outer space by NASA in 2010.
In this study, the researchers utilized anodic polarization of graphite within an electrochemical cell to encourage the formation of oxidized graphene sheets. These sheets then spontaneously self-assemble into fullerenes and hollow spheres. The final products were thoroughly characterized using advanced techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and mass spectrometry.
Rosolen notes that the research uncovered spherical particles varying in size from 10 nanometers to 320 nanometers, with larger structures trapped within networks of carbon nanotubes. Mass spectrometry further identified characteristic peaks corresponding to well-studied fullerenes such as C60 and C70, as well as larger fullerenes like C146, C162, C176, and C190. The presence of successive peaks, separated by approximately 160 units, indicates fragmentation processes likely due to the loss of carbon groups.
The research highlights the critical role of hydroxyl radicals and hydroxyl ions generated from the electrochemical oxidation of water and ethanol. These radicals facilitate the fragmentation of graphite sheets, promoting exfoliation and leading to fullerene formation. Rosolen explains that when the applied voltage exceeds 10 volts, the synthesis of fullerenes declines significantly, with carbon nanodots becoming the dominant structure.
This innovative method not only simplifies the production of fullerenes but also allows for potential modifications through the incorporation of oxygenated functional groups, depending on intended applications. The researchers believe that their findings pave the way for new avenues in organic synthesis and technological applications that have yet to be fully explored.
“Our work opens up the possibility of producing giant fullerenes through an accessible and environmentally friendly electrochemical route,” Rosolen says. “While much remains to be understood about the formation mechanisms of these structures, the results are promising and lay the groundwork for future research.”
This advancement not only represents a significant step forward in materials science but also underscores the potential for sustainable practices in the production of advanced materials. The implications of this research could extend across various fields, from nanotechnology to pharmaceuticals, enhancing the versatility and application of fullerenes in modern science.
Science
Former Model Alleges Donald Trump Groped Her in 1993 Incident

Stacey Williams, a former Sports Illustrated model, has made allegations regarding an incident involving Donald Trump in 1993. During an interview with CNN’s Brianna Keilar, Williams, who previously dated Jeffrey Epstein, described an encounter in which she claims Trump groped her. Trump has denied these allegations, maintaining that they are untrue.
Details of the Allegations
In her conversation with Keilar, Williams recounted her experiences with Epstein and his connections to various high-profile individuals, including Trump. She stated that during a party in 1993, Trump allegedly approached her and made unwanted physical advances. Williams characterized the encounter as inappropriate and unsettling.
While discussing her relationship with Epstein, she expressed concern over the influence he had on those around him and how it extended to Trump’s social circle. Williams stated that she felt compelled to share her story in light of ongoing discussions about accountability and the treatment of women in society.
Trump’s Response
Following the interview, a spokesperson for Trump categorically denied the claims made by Williams. The spokesperson labeled the allegations as false and emphasized that they are part of a broader narrative that attempts to undermine Trump’s reputation.
The assertion made by Williams has drawn attention to the complex relationships that Epstein had with various celebrities and political figures. As investigations into Epstein’s activities and connections continue, public interest remains high regarding the implications of these relationships.
This incident highlights the ongoing discourse surrounding sexual misconduct and accountability in public life. As more individuals come forward with their experiences, the impact of such revelations continues to resonate in the media and public consciousness.
Science
World War II Veteran and TikTok Star Jake Larson Dies at 102

Jake Larson, a World War II veteran and beloved TikTok personality known as “Papa Jake,” has died at the age of 102. His granddaughter, McKaela Larson, announced his passing on social media, stating that he died peacefully on July 17, 2023. She shared that he remained humorous until the very end, saying, “Our beloved Papa Jake has passed away at 102 years young.”
A member of the “Greatest Generation,” Larson gained widespread recognition through his TikTok account, @storytimewithpapajake, where he attracted over 1 million followers by sharing engaging stories about his life and military experiences. His unique blend of humor and history resonated with audiences, illustrating the realities of life during and after the war.
Legacy and Lasting Impact
In June 2024, Larson participated in an emotional interview with CNN’s Christiane Amanpour in Normandy, France, coinciding with the 80th anniversary of D-Day. From his wheelchair, just steps from the shoreline, Larson recounted the harrowing memories of the invasion, stating, “I got off the landing craft and had water right up to my chin. We were all kids.”
Larson enlisted in the National Guard at just 15 years old, lying about his age to serve. He recalled the camaraderie among his fellow soldiers, saying, “I don’t think I was a hero. I was just like anybody else. We were all in this together.” His commitment to honor the memories of his fallen friends was evident throughout his life, particularly during the interview where he emphasized the determination of soldiers to defeat tyranny. “Every one of us was prepared to give our life to kick Hitler’s ass out of Europe. … And we did,” he remarked.
Just weeks before his death, Amanpour received an Emmy Award for her interview with Larson, a moment that he celebrated in a video message. He expressed amazement at his journey from a young infantryman to an award recipient at 102, stating, “It’s phenomenal. There is a God.”
Family Reflections
His son, Karlan Larson, reflected on his father’s extraordinary life in a brief interview, describing him as having “an epic, epic life.” The Emmy award, which Larson was immensely proud of, is now “proudly displayed” in his living room. Karlan mentioned that the award would be passed down to future generations, humorously noting a scheduling system for his grandchildren.
Jake Larson’s legacy extends beyond his military service and social media fame. He represents a generation marked by resilience and sacrifice, and his stories will continue to inspire those who seek to understand the past. As his family mourns, they remember a man who not only fought for his country but also brought joy and laughter to countless followers around the world.
Science
Reflecting on 60 Years Since Mariner 4’s Historic Mars Flyby

In a special episode of the podcast This Week In Space, hosts Rod Pyle and Tariq Malik welcomed Rob Manning, Chief Engineer Emeritus at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Mariner 4 mission. On July 15, 1965, Mariner 4 made its historic flyby of Mars, marking a significant milestone in space exploration.
The Mariner 4 probe was the first spacecraft to successfully send back images from Mars, capturing 22 low-resolution frames that revealed a starkly different planet than previously imagined. As Manning reflected, the mission transformed perceptions of Mars from a “romantic” vision of a near-Earth twin to a desolate landscape, more akin to the Moon with its dry surface and cratered terrain.
Mariner 4’s Impact on Space Exploration
At the time, the technology used for Mariner 4 was considered primitive, yet it proved effective in providing crucial data about the Martian environment. This mission not only altered scientific understanding but also set the stage for future explorations of the Red Planet.
During the podcast, the hosts discussed the enduring legacy of the Mariner 4 mission, emphasizing how it fundamentally changed the trajectory of Mars exploration. Manning noted that the findings led to a reevaluation of entire mission strategies for subsequent missions, paving the way for more advanced explorations.
This week’s episode also touched on the broader implications of space exploration, including the significance of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, which celebrated its own milestones 50 years ago. The handshake in space between the United States and the Soviet Union remains a powerful symbol of collaboration in the realm of space science.
Current Highlights in Space News
In addition to the Mariner 4 anniversary, the podcast addressed notable current events in the space sector. Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft is now scheduled for its next launch in 2026, with no astronauts on board for this upcoming flight. Furthermore, a significant auction at Sotheby’s features the largest Mars rock on Earth, with bidding expected to start at around $4 million.
Listeners also learned about the best tools for amateur astronomers, including the Celestron Astro Fi 102, which was highlighted as an ideal beginner telescope for observing planets and comets. Additionally, model rocket enthusiasts can now purchase a detailed scale model of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, retailing for $149.99, with a discount available through a promotional code.
For those interested in following the latest developments in space exploration, This Week In Space offers insights and discussions every Friday. The hosts encourage listeners to subscribe on their preferred podcast platforms to stay updated on the evolving narrative of space exploration.
Science
Iran Boosts Proxy Groups as US Nuclear Talks Stagnate

Iran’s armed proxies are intensifying their activities across the Middle East as Tehran seeks to reestablish its regional influence, which has suffered due to ongoing military actions from Israel. Recent escalations include Houthi attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea and disruptions to oil production in Iraq’s Kurdish region. These developments highlight Iran’s commitment to maintaining a network of armed groups, crucial to its regional strategy, despite ongoing tensions with the United States over nuclear negotiations.
Increased Proxy Activity
The Houthis in Yemen recently ended a period of calm by targeting two commercial ships in the Red Sea, a vital maritime route. This marked a significant shift in their behavior, as they had refrained from such actions for several months. Reports indicate that a vessel carrying 750 tons of Iranian missiles and military equipment was intercepted by forces loyal to Yemen’s exiled government. The United States Central Command labeled this interception the largest weapons seizure in the history of the Yemeni National Resistance Forces (NRF), which oppose the Houthis.
Michael Knights, a senior fellow at The Washington Institute, commented, “Iran was never going to stop resupplying their groups.” He noted that while logistics may pose challenges, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards’ Quds Force aims to demonstrate its ongoing operational capability. Even in the wake of significant losses, including the killing of key military figures in an Israeli strike, Iran persists in arming its proxies as part of its broader deterrence strategy.
In parallel, suspected Iranian-backed groups have escalated drone strikes against Western interests in Iraq. Aziz Ahmad, an official from the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG), reported that five oil fields, including two operated by US companies, suffered from these attacks. He emphasized that the attacks aim to undermine the KRG’s economic stability, stating, “Now, those same investors are being pushed out in a calculated campaign to economically strangle us.”
Regional Implications and Responses
The situation in Lebanon further illustrates Iran’s waning influence following the October 7, 2023, Hamas attack on Israel. Hezbollah, Iran’s primary ally in the region, has struggled to maintain its dominance as it faces increased Israeli military pressure and internal demands for disarmament. The group has lost significant ground, particularly after the death of its leader Hassan Nasrallah in an Israeli strike the previous year.
Despite the setbacks, some analysts suggest that Hezbollah may regroup in response to mounting pressures. A regional source indicated that Hezbollah is in an “existential situation,” grappling with both external threats and internal dissent. Iran’s continued efforts to supply arms to Hezbollah, even amid challenges, reflect its intent to leverage these groups in future negotiations.
In Syria, Iranian attempts to rearm Hezbollah have been complicated by increased scrutiny from the Syrian government. Reports from the Syrian Interior Ministry indicate that several attempts to smuggle weapons into Lebanon have been intercepted, including a recent seizure of anti-tank missiles hidden in a truck.
The backdrop of these developments sees US President Donald Trump signaling a lack of urgency in negotiations with Iran. He stated, “They want to negotiate badly. We’re in no rush.” This sentiment was echoed by Ali Larijani, a senior adviser to Iran’s Supreme Leader, who asserted that current conditions are not conducive to talks.
Experts suggest that Iran’s strategy of bolstering its proxy forces may serve as leverage in any future negotiations with the United States. Michael Knights emphasized that showcasing military resilience can enhance Tehran’s negotiating position, despite its recent losses.
As the situation evolves, the interplay of military actions and diplomatic efforts will likely continue to shape the landscape of the Middle East, with significant implications for regional stability and international relations.
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