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Researchers Uncover Complexities of Sharks’ ‘Playing Dead’ Behavior

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Tonic immobility (TI) has emerged as a captivating behavior observed across various species in the animal kingdom, including sharks and rays. This phenomenon involves a temporary cessation of movement, causing animals to appear frozen in place. While often likened to the behavior of opossums “playing dead” to evade predators, the reasons behind TI can be more complex. A recent study conducted by researchers from James Cook University, namely Joel H. Gayford and Dr. Jodie L. Rummer, sheds light on this intriguing behavior in chondrichthyans, a group that includes sharks, rays, and chimaeras.

The researchers embarked on an extensive investigation, combining hands-on experimentation with a thorough literature review to assess the occurrence and variability of the tonic limp response (TLR) among different shark and ray species. They tested 13 species by gently inverting them to observe if this common technique would induce relaxation, cessation of struggling, and deep rhythmic breathing—hallmarks of TLR.

Of the 13 species studied, seven exhibited the expected tonic limp response when flipped onto their backs. The time taken for the behavior to manifest varied significantly; for instance, the common smooth-hound (Mustelus mustelus) exhibited TLR in as little as seven seconds, while the blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) took up to 25 seconds. Once immobilized, the duration of stillness also varied, ranging from a brief 12 seconds to over two minutes (131 seconds) in the Atlantic guitarfish (Rhinobatos lentiginosus).

A significant finding from the study is the consistency of TLR within species. Each individual either consistently displayed TLR or did not, indicating that TLR is a species-level trait unaffected by individual differences or short-term environmental factors. The researchers found no correlation between TLR and factors such as body size, habitat depth, or predatory status. This suggests that ecological aspects may not strongly influence the presence of TLR, pointing instead to its evolutionary origins.

The study also examined the presence of TLR in the chimaera species, Callorhinchus milii, commonly known as the elephant fish. Notably, this species showed no signs of TLR when inverted. This raises questions about the evolutionary history of this trait: did it exist in their common ancestor, was it lost in chimaeras, or did it never develop within this group?

According to the researchers’ models, TLR likely existed in the common ancestor of all chondrichthyans but has been lost at least five times across various lineages, with no evidence suggesting it evolved anew. This pattern indicates that TLR may be a plesiomorphic trait, inherited from a distant ancestor and retained by certain species despite its unclear utility today.

Several hypotheses attempt to explain the evolutionary purpose of TLR. One posits that it serves as a mechanism for predator avoidance, akin to playing dead. However, the mechanics of predator attacks on sharks make this explanation tenuous. Another theory suggests that TLR could be linked to mating behaviors, as instances of males inverting females during copulation have been observed. Yet, this theory also faces challenges: no differences in TLR have been noted between genders, and if going limp made females more susceptible to unwanted mating, natural selection would likely eliminate that behavior.

A third hypothesis proposes that TLR might serve as a protective measure against sensory overload, acting as a reset mechanism. Nevertheless, this theory remains untested specifically in sharks.

Particularly noteworthy is that all shark and ray species lacking TLR are smaller-bodied and inhabit shallow, complex environments, such as coral reefs or kelp forests. In these habitats, the risk of becoming stuck or injured if they go limp could have led to the evolution of this trait being suppressed. Conversely, larger sharks or those in open water may experience fewer risks, allowing them to retain TLR without significant cost.

The findings of this study underscore the complexity of evolutionary biology and the importance of avoiding broad assumptions regarding traits across species. While TLR may appear similar among various sharks and rays, its evolutionary significance likely differs from species to species. The continued investigation into such behaviors not only enhances our understanding of these fascinating marine creatures but may also unlock further insights into their evolutionary past.

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Venus Williams Triumphantly Returns to Tennis at 45 Years Old

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Venus Williams marked a significant return to competitive tennis at the age of 45, reaching the quarterfinals in women’s doubles at the DC Open. Partnering with Hailey Baptiste, the duo triumphed over compatriots Clervie Ngounoue and Eugenie Bouchard with a decisive score of 6-3, 6-1. This victory represents Williams’ first win on the WTA Tour since August 2023, when she defeated Veronika Kudermetova in the opening round of the Cincinnati Open.

After the match, a visibly delighted Williams took a moment to embrace the crowd’s enthusiasm, performing her signature twirl. “It’s just nice to be able to play,” she said in an interview, as reported by the Associated Press. “Where I am at this year is so much different from where I was at last year. It’s night and day, being able to be here and prepare for the tournament as opposed to preparing for surgery a year ago.”

In a gradual return to the sport, Williams had not participated in any official match since her first-round loss to Diana Shnaider at the Miami Open in March 2024. Notably, her last doubles match took place nearly three years prior. Williams, currently unranked in both singles and doubles, has a storied career, including seven grand slam singles titles, 14 doubles titles with her sister Serena Williams, and two mixed doubles titles from 1998.

Reflecting on her journey, Williams shared her experience with health challenges, including surgery to remove fibroids that had impacted her career and life. “At the end of the day, it doesn’t really matter if your health is not there,” she stated. “It definitely put it in perspective for me and maybe made it easier to make the decision to come back out here and play even freer.”

Williams humorously noted that she and Baptiste should have teamed up sooner, suggesting that their chemistry was evident from the start. “I think, from the first point, I could see that we were going to be a good team,” she remarked. “We just should have started playing earlier, years ago, right? I think Serena was just in the way.”

As she prepares for her singles return, Williams has accepted wild cards to compete in both singles and doubles. Her next challenge will be against American Peyton Stearns in the opening round on Tuesday, signaling her full-circle comeback to the sport she has passionately represented for decades.

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Mathieu van der Poel Withdraws from Tour de France Due to Pneumonia

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Mathieu van der Poel has officially withdrawn from the Tour de France after being diagnosed with pneumonia. The announcement came just hours before Stage 16, which was set to take the riders to Mont Ventoux. The decision was made by the Alpecin-Deceuninck team following a series of medical examinations at the Centre Hospitalier de Narbonne.

Van der Poel participated in a short coffee ride on the rest day, where he showcased a commemorative jersey honoring his grandfather’s charity, Merci Poupou. Despite his efforts to engage with fans, it was evident that he was struggling with health issues. The team stated, “Mathieu had been experiencing symptoms of a common cold over the past few days. Yesterday afternoon, his condition began to worsen significantly.”

The team doctor closely monitored van der Poel throughout the day. By the evening, his condition deteriorated further, and he developed a fever. Medical assessments at the hospital confirmed the pneumonia diagnosis, compelling the team to prioritize his health over his participation in the race.

Alpecin-Deceuninck emphasized the importance of recovery, stating, “It was decided that he can no longer continue the race. His health is the top priority, and rest and recovery are now essential.” Following the diagnosis, van der Poel will need to rest for at least one week. After this period, he will undergo further medical evaluations to gauge his recovery and outline the next steps in his rehabilitation process.

The Tour de France is widely regarded as the premier event in professional cycling, attracting international attention and participation from the best riders in the world. Van der Poel’s withdrawal is a significant loss for the competition, as he was a strong contender known for his resilience and competitive spirit.

As the race progresses, fans and competitors alike will be following updates regarding van der Poel’s health and potential return to the sport. The cycling community is rallying around the athlete, wishing him a swift recovery as he navigates this challenging moment.

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Major Cyber Attacks Target Retailers and Critical Infrastructure

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Recent cyber incidents have underscored the growing threat to organizations worldwide. Notable attacks have been recorded against luxury retailer Louis Vuitton, UK retail giant Co-op, and Thailand’s Ministry of Labor, among others. These breaches highlight vulnerabilities across various sectors, impacting millions of customers and critical infrastructure.

Significant Attacks and Breaches

Louis Vuitton has confirmed a cyber-attack that compromised the personal data of customers from several countries, including the UK, South Korea, Turkey, Italy, and Sweden. The breach, attributed to the ShinyHunters extortion group, exposed sensitive client information but did not include payment details. The attack was linked to unauthorized access through a third-party vendor’s database.

In another incident, Co-op disclosed a cyber-attack impacting approximately 6.5 million customers. This breach followed a major system shutdown in April that caused food shortages across its stores. Although no financial information was compromised, customer contact details were exposed. The Scattered Spider threat group, known for using DragonForce ransomware, is suspected to be behind this intrusion.

The NovaBev Group, a prominent Russian spirits producer, faced a ransomware attack that disrupted critical IT infrastructure. The incident severely affected operations across more than 2,000 stores, with sophisticated techniques reportedly bypassing existing security measures. As of now, no group has taken responsibility for this attack.

Thailand’s Ministry of Labor also fell victim to a cyber-attack, resulting in the defacement of its website and the alleged theft of 300GB of sensitive data. The attack reportedly encrypted 2,000 laptops and dozens of servers, risking the exposure of citizen data and classified documents. The Devman ransomware group has claimed responsibility, demanding a ransom of $15 million.

In Singapore, critical infrastructure experienced targeted cyber-attacks aimed at systems delivering essential services, particularly in defense, technology, and telecommunications. These ongoing threats are thought to be linked to the China-affiliated espionage group UNC3886, with potentially significant implications for national security.

Emerging Vulnerabilities and Threat Insights

Recent findings from Check Point Research unveiled a critical vulnerability in Microsoft SharePoint, referred to as “ToolShell” (CVE-2025-53770). This vulnerability allows unauthorized access and exploitation attempts have already been detected. The research highlighted that threats were particularly prevalent in government and telecommunications sectors across North America and Western Europe.

Additionally, a high-severity flaw in Google Chrome (CVE-2025-6558) has been actively exploited, allowing attackers to escape the browser’s sandbox, posing risks of arbitrary code execution. The flaw affects versions prior to 138.0.7204.157 and has been addressed with a patch.

In a broader context, Check Point Research reported a 21% year-over-year increase in global weekly cyber-attacks per organization for Q2 2025, totaling 1,984 attacks. The education sector has emerged as the most targeted, with Europe experiencing the highest growth in attacks, at 22%. Ransomware incidents alone totaled around 1,600, primarily affecting business services, manufacturing, and construction.

The report also revealed new tactics employed by threat actors, including the misuse of Microsoft Teams calls to impersonate IT support and deliver malware. This evolving landscape underscores the critical need for continued vigilance and robust cybersecurity measures across all sectors.

As organizations grapple with these threats, the importance of proactive security strategies and timely updates cannot be overstated. The incidents serve as a stark reminder of the vulnerabilities that exist in today’s interconnected world.

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.NETpad Shifts to WinUI 3 for Modern App Development

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The development of the application .NETpad has taken a decisive turn as its creator transitions from the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) to the Windows App SDK with WinUI 3. This shift is driven by the need to modernize the app and enhance its functionality, particularly for multi-document and tab-based interfaces. After extensive exploration of the capabilities offered by WinUI 3, the decision to move away from WPF has become clear.

The Windows App SDK and WinUI 3 present several advantages that WPF struggles to match. For instance, the TabView control in WinUI 3 provides essential features for a tabs-based application that are either absent or challenging to implement in WPF. These include a tab strip header for the app icon, customizable “Close tab” button behaviors, and advanced functionalities like dragging and rearranging tabs. Additionally, WinUI 3 offers a unique tab overflow feature that automatically manages tab display as users add more of them, a capability that WPF lacks entirely.

Creating a modern application requires not just aesthetic appeal but also functional depth. While WPF supports basic Windows 11 aesthetics, it often falls short in providing the seamless user experience that WinUI 3 promises. The limitations of WPF compel developers to create custom solutions for features inherently supported by WinUI 3, such as Content dialogs for confirmations and notifications. In the past, the developer of .NETpad had to create two distinct Content dialog types to cater to various needs, highlighting the inefficiencies experienced with WPF.

Despite the challenges faced during the transition, there is a sense of optimism about the potential for .NETpad to evolve. The creator acknowledges the difficulties encountered while learning the intricacies of WinUI 3 but remains committed to leveraging the framework’s strengths. With WinUI 3, the development process is expected to become more streamlined, ultimately leading to a more robust and user-friendly application suited for Windows 11.

As the industry moves forward, the emphasis on modern frameworks like WinUI 3 illustrates a broader trend in software development, where adaptability and user experience are paramount. The decision to move away from WPF signifies a commitment to innovation and a recognition that the future of application development lies within the capabilities of the Windows App SDK. This strategic shift may not only enhance the functionality of .NETpad but also set a precedent for developers facing similar choices in the evolving landscape of Windows application development.

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